How to fix Playwright "Target page, context or browser has been closed" after crashes?

This error appears when the browser process exits unexpectedly or test cleanup closes context/page early.

Check for crashes, reduce parallel workers, and avoid using closed fixtures.

import { test } from '@playwright/test';

test.use({ trace: 'on-first-retry' });

// In CI, try fewer workers if browser crashes under memory pressure.
// npx playwright test --workers=2

If it only fails in CI, inspect memory limits and container sandbox settings.